1- fla/kq ÄkVh lE;rk] daqM+q[kj xgh ewyh%

dq¡M+q[k+j xgh bfrgkl ,jk [k+us bj vksan mYyk fla/kq ÄkVh lH;rk uw 2500 bZ-iw- uauk vkyj laxs no dksM+s vjk /kuxj euj dh jvk yfx;jA vksjs uw eksgutksnM+ks vjk gM+Iik ukes xgh 'kgj fla/k izkar xgh fla/k ÄkVh uw jgpkA eq¡nÒkjs paMhx<+ gsís :ij vjk vgeknkckn gsís yksÉy 'kgj jgpk ,Uus xgh irk yfx;kA bcM+k 'kgju igyse [kwc Äksdvj cq>qjvj njk Iyku uuj dh depdj jgpjA dksgk dksgk ,M+ik bZV~Vk ¼fp=-1½djs vjk ipjhn iryk] fulxdk] jaxpdk vjk eslxk likV~ depdk jgpkA Mgjs] ugj vjk iks[kjk xgh csl ysdu O;oLFkk jgpkA f[kM+dh] vjk nqjk dad rh depdk jgpkA ,M+ikn Mgjs xgh nksuksa i[ks jgpkA yksÉy 'kgj nqlj nqlj ns'k rh chlk dstvuk xgh vM~Mk jgpkA bUuk xwVh bfnu ,sjk xss vksaxnrA nwlj tSr xgh vkyj laxs laxs dqaM+q[k+j gw¡ vfQdk] felz] :l] eslksiksVkfe;k] ,f'k;k vjk lqesj rk vkyj rh chlk dstuk xgh uy[k uuk yfx;jA bZ lH;rk  lqesfj;u rh felz lH;rk xwVh fcaMhjdh jgpkA bUuq 2500 izkar jgpkA vksuk eks[k+k xs vgM+k] batks] xksgkse] Tokj vjk ckjyh bLrseky uuk yfx;j vjk rEgS [k+y uw pa[k+vk yfx;jA dsM+k vjk vukj bZj xgh eqn Qy jgpkA [k+Yyu iVkcvk xs banjk] ugj vjk iks[kjk xgh bLrseky uuk yfx;jA vRrk iqanjvk xs bZj lqrh fdpjh fcuvk yfx;jA eqDdj iqM~Mk LdVZ vjk ykbu vkcks¼fdukjs uw½ lwrh lkM+h dqjk yfx;j] ,d/klsdk vDdqu gw¡ dqaM+q[k eqDdj vrujA esrj fnxgk fdpfju ikstjvk yfx;j] vkj yksaxh] /kksrh] QsVk] yaxksV vjk dj;k vÙkk yfx;j vDdqu gw¡ vkfnokflu uw bcM+k fdpfju vÙkujA bZj rEck] dkalk] Vhu vjk 'kh'kk xgh [kkst uuj vÙkq ds daÙkks fcaBh vjk [ky uw uy[k uuk xs latxh devk yfx;jA bZj xqlu yksgku /kkrqu xykcvuk xgh ywj g;k jgpkA >kj[kaM jkthark iykew ftyk uw vksaVk iqj[kk csM+k rk latxhs¼fp=-2½  [k+D[kjk ,dnu iVuk rk E;qft;e uw mbdk jbZA bZn fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rkark latxh xus esy eks[k+hA bfÙk ds bZn lkfcr euh dk dqaM+[kj fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk oa'kt nhe fgdujA eksgj vjk v¸;k fyf[kpdk fyfi rh rh irk yXxh dk v¸;kark vkykj fcudksu ^fcudks¥] iíu iknq] vkfyu ^vfy¥ vjk vkykflu ^vy¥ cvk yfx;jaA vDdq xwVh daqM+q[kj fcudks] iík] vkyh vjk vky 'kCn xgh bLrseky uaujA dqaM+q[k+j xgh   

fla/kq ?kkVh uw <sj cXxs uauk uauk tSrj jpvk clvk yfx;j] vUuq nzkfoM+ tSrj gw¡ jgpjA bZ nzkfoM+ tSrj rhe dqaM+q[kj mj[kdj csvujA bZj xgh ukrk æfoM+ vjk uauk tSrj laxs gw¡ jgpkA dqaM+q[kj xgh Òk[kk] mTtuk ,sduk vtxqr cfM+;j jgpk] bZj xgh raxvk Hkk[kk vjk iqfÉ VwM+k xs fyfi gwa jgpkA dqaM+q[kj xgh jktl xgh fla/k ukes jgpkA igsa bZj iaps lS c[kj xwVh xk dqnuqe jgpj rys jksgrklx<+ uw cjpj dh clpj njk fFkjkjA igsa vlrs gwa bZfju eqxyj [ksnpj fppjA bao pM~Ms bZj xgh iqfFk vjk fyfi csaM+kjk njk dsjkA

2-fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk xgh rg'k ug'k eauk vjk dqqaM+q[k+j xgh m[kZuk

csM+k fcrjuwe fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk rgl ug'k eatk dsjk] ,Unsj xs dk ck<+ ÄfM+e ÄfM+e cjvk gsyjk vjk tksd vkyj xk dksgk dksgk fcekjh cjuk rh gw¡ dspj dsjjA vlrk vHkksgok gwa cnykjvk gsyjk] [k+us vlrk [k+sa[k+sy vkcksn catj njk /kwyh eatk dsjk¼jktLFkku rk e:LFky vksan mYyk [kwc ean;kjdk jgpk½A tkWu ek'kZyl cvnl% ^fla/kq [k+ksljkark cM+gh vlrk lH;rku cksgk ckpk njk fpPpkA¥ vDdqu gwa gM+Iik 'kgj rk tksd vM~Mk /kwfy rh ekaM+jdhe jbZA fla/kq ?kkVh rk vkykj eS;k vk;Zj gwa yM+kbZ uatj fppjA bcM+k bcM+k mehZ djus rh vkykj vlrs Òksaxk gsyjjA nzfoM+ tSr xgh vkykj vd; fl/kgk] lk/kkj.k vjk 'kkafr laxs mTtuu ilanvk yfx;jA bZj eS;k nqlu vkykj csxj uw gwa vkj eS;k vjcuk njk yM+uk rh dpdp uuk yfx;jA uauk nzfoM+ vkyj csls dqaM+q[k+j gwa vlu ikYyj BV~vk] vkj bZ-iw- 2500 uw ckywfpLrku¼fla/k [k+ksljk xgh vM~Mk½ rh mRrj iwoZ njk nfÕ.k if'Pke rjk m[kZj dsjjAczgqbZ vkykj 3000 bZ-iw- uwe mRrj if'pe rjk m[kZdj dsjdk jgpjA

2-1 ,sduk Mgjs (Migration Paths):

bZyQsucsbu 1987 xgh urxdk¼fp=-3½ ,sduk Mgjs ,dnu vaxzsth uw g;iksfFkfll~ gwa cvuj] xgh eqrkfcd czkgqbZ dRFkk dPNuk[kjm vkykj ckyqfpLrku ¼fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk½ rh eqqqanrk¼rhu½ Mgjsu /kjpj dh nf{k.k iwjc rjk m[kZj dsjjA pk[k+¼pkSFkk½ Mgjs uw dkyw vkyj ikfdLrku rk fla/k izkar rjk dsjj] ,dlu vDdqu xwVh vlrk vkykj czkgqbZ cr;kvujA nf{k.k iwjc rjk dsjdk tutkfrj¼dqaM+q[k+j½ jksgrklx<+ uw fQu vksxgksu nqbZ Bks Mgjs /kjpj vksaVk [k+ksaM+gk jktegy rk ijrk uw clk uatk vjk nqljk [k+ksM+gk NksVkukxiqj cjpk us dqaM+q[k dPNu[kjujA ,sduk Mgjsu ,sjk [k+us vksaVs uauk dRFkk ,FksjbZ dk Òkjr xgh e>gh izkar rk czkgqbZ dPNu[kjmj mRrj if'pe rjk dkyrs dkyrs ikfdLrku rk <sj cXxs vM~Mk uw Nkgpj dsjjA

igsa tksd vkykj b ,sduk Mgjsu ey irvkujA ,sanjxs dk oekZl ,oa ikBdl]1993 Bode [k+D[k;j dk laFkky ijxukark laFkkfyj vDdqu xwVh fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk rk fyfiu rEgS fpUgk [krjh bLrseky uaujA vkj raxvk ,M+iark ipjh uw b fyfiu VqM+ujA bZj b ,sduk Mgjsu drbZ ey baftjujA lkgsc tkWu ekW'kkZyl gwa vkunl & ^nzkfoM+ Òk[kk eq¡nHkkjse Hkkjr jkth uw cjpk njk blu cjpdu rh [k+V~VjkA¥ laFkkyh ts fyfi bLrseky uauj vfnu dEi;qVj vjk uauk oSKkfud tk¡p uw lpse fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk rk fyfi nhe [k+D[k;jA

2-2 dukZVd] e/; izns'k vjk jksgrklx<¼fcgkj½+ xwVh dqíuk xgh c[kuh%

ckyqfpLrku rh nf{k.kk iwjc rjk dkyw tutkfrj dqaM+q[kj fne jgpjA ß nh mjkWao vkWQ laqnjou 1969 bZ-] xgh fdrkc uw VwM+qjdk jbZ dk dqaM+q[k+j fla/kq la/kq ?kkVh rh mj[kj dM+d] dukZVd rk vM~Mk uw cjpjA djdy njk dM+dbZ blkfue [k+D[kjbZ] ,dlu dqaM+q[k jktk dud ik.;l jkth uuk yfx;lA nkslkj fdyk bZ jktl fne derkpdl jgplA dukZVd rh m[kZj dh bZj ueZnk [kksljark njxk eurs e/; izns'k rk vejdaVd ijrk rk dkV izkar] vtex<+ vM+fl;jA blu vaM+lk xs vkj xs 500 lS c[kj yfx;k dsjkA vkukanx<+ vjk fiijkx<+ bZj xgh depdk fne ryhA varys fd bZj lksu [k+ksljk vjk dkjkekul e/;Z rk eSnku ,dnu dq:"k ns'k cgk yfx;j cjpj dsjjA  bZ vM~Mk uw bZj <sj c[kj xwVh lkyuk ft;k rh xqtj clj uuk yfx;jA bZ-iw- 900&800 pku uw bZj blu <sj cXxs fdyk depjA jksgrklx<+ rk fdyk vauqe vksaVk ryhA

3-jksgrklx<+ dq¡M+q[kj xgh lksuk csM+k¼500&400 bZ-iw-½%

jksgrklx<+ ,dlu jbZ vfnu dq:'k ns'k cvk yfx;jA blu dqaM+q[j dksgk ysdu fdyk depj dh jvk yfx;jA bZj xgh jktl xgh ukes gfjpanz jgpkA bZ fdyk Òkjr xgh vksaVs cfM+;j vjk dksgk fdyk ryh vjk vksaVs jk"Vªhp fpUgka xgh :is uw btfde jbZA blu bZj vtxM+ /kuxj jvu cXxs csM+k no vjk lkyuk laxs fcrk ckpjA vaoxs bZ-iw- 500&400 pkuu~ dqaM+q[kj xgh lksuk csM+k cvujA bZn leqnz xgh rysu rh 1490 QhV esPNk uw dSewj ijrk eSa;k btdh jbZA bZn fcgkj rk Msgjh vkWulksu rh 45 fd-eh- vjk lklkjke rh 39 fd-eh- xsPNk jbZA bZn iwjc rh if'pe 4 ehy vjk mRrj rh nf{k.k 5 fd-eh- bnkrks 28 ehy xgh pkSgnh iBkj uw clpdh jbZA fdyk xgh fÒrjs dkyk xs 14 Bks nqjk capdh jbZA igsa 10 Bks nqjku 'ksj'kkg lqfjl eqanrkpl fpplA blyk jktk gfjpanzl xgh raxnl jksfgrkl xgh ukes rh bZ 'kgju jksrklx<+ cvujA jksfgrkflu :bZnkl gwa vkuuj vjk bfnu :bZnklx<+ gwa cvujA ,Uus rsaxuj dk jktkl xs vksaVk dqDdks [k+í b 'krZ uw [k+D[kjk dk vkl raxnkflu /kesZl bnkrks nsork xwBh xs nkaM+s vxZvkslAraxvk ft;u ladV uw ,sjj jksfgrkl rack vjk nsork xqfBu Bxvj <sj mYyk xwVh blu jgplA jksgrklx<+ xgh ir uw cXxs v[k+vk xs jksgrklx<+ rk bfrgklu fDyd uukA

3-1 dq¡M+q[k+j eSa;k yM+kbZ¼vkØe.k½ vjk vkj xgh [krjuk%

bZ-iw-100 pku uw psjks lwax jktoa'kj dbZdks csj yM+kbZ uatjA igsa jkth isYyks fluxh nbZ xgh cgknwjh vjk vxokpdk rh bZj dbZdks csj /kwfyu VV~;kjA 'ksj'kkg lqfjl raXgS jkftu iwohZ Òkjr uw <sj fcafM+pdl jgplA caxky rk lqYrkuflu iNM+vkj <sj cXxs [kqthZ] jkth ixM+h vjk jkth Nrjh cpdl jgplA bcM+u m¸;k xs vksaVk csl ysdu vM~Mk pkgh jgpkA ,Uus rsaxuj dk 1538 bZ- uw 'ksj'kkg lqfjl vjk vkl xgh ,M+iae ckfjj xgh cNjuk [krjh b;ark jktl xs vM~Mk fpplA [k+us <sj cXxs vkl xgh lSfudj gwa eqDdj xgh Òs"k uw fdyk fÒrjs dksjvk gsyjjA nqjk xqlu ikafr uw ekuh eqDdkfju fne btrkpjA tapvk cjpdk vkyj eqanHkkjs bTtdk eqDdj tap pj rys [k+ks[k+k rk fju eqDdj fne cvj ey ,fj;jA bZ y[kk <sj cXxs lSfudj fdyk uw dksjpj dsjjA [k+us jktk gfjpanZl xs fdyk vEcj Hkksaxuk eatkA nqljk dRFkk gwa cvuj dk 'ksj'kkgl tSu cqb> ds dqaM+q[kj xgh ljgqy ijc voye yM+vk xs NVplA ,ansjxs dk va;nk mYYkk vkl vkfju gjkcvk iksYyksl iagduA vksekZ dqaM+q[k+j >jk vksaMj dh dspdk ys[kk eatj dsjjA vkfcfje 'ksj'kkgl vkØe.k uatl fpplA jkth isYyks cjpdk ladVu ,sjj raXgS lw> cw> rh dke uatk vjk vksekZ eqDdkfu ckpk fd vkseZj esrj xgh QsVk vjk fdpfju vRrkA vksekZ eqDdj esrj xgh fdpfju vr;j dh yM+vk xs mj[kj dsjjA eqnbZj vkj xgh la[;k njk tks'ku ,sjj bfyp;kj dh Hkksaxj dsjjA eqnbZfju dqnk ckpdk [k+ks[k+k bZu eqDdk LokHkko ys[kk [kksljk uw nksuksa [k+sD[kk rh eqghau ew>jvk gsyjjA vksaVs egjk eqDdk jksgrklx<+ uw nqngh chlk cjvk yfx;kA vkn bZfju [k+ksljk uw eq>jvks chjh ,fj;k dh vD[kk dsjk dh bZj xk eqDdj ryujA vkn dsjk dh eqnbZ jhu frax;k fppkA [k+us vkj dqnk dqnh fQu cjpj dh yM+vk gsyjjA dqq¡M+[kj xs gkjuk eatkA bZ [khjh dqaM+q[k+j uw vDdqu xqVh cXxs izpfyr jbZA bfn xgh ;kn uwe eqDdj gj 13 c[kj [k+ks[k+ks eqDdk lsanjk cspk dkujA eqDdk lsanjk cspks chjh vkj xs NqV jbZ dk vkj ,sanjvkuwe gw¡ fiVksj us gw¡ ,sansj ey cvujA vkj xs ,dve fdfle xgh ltk ey [k+D[kjbZA

3-2 vQxkuj xgh [krjuk vjk eqxyj xgh jkth%

vQxkuj xgh [krjdk [k+ks[k+k 1587 pku uw bZ fdyk uw vdcjl xgh jkth eatk dsjkA vkl jkth pykcvkxs vk chfjark xouZj ekuflagl xs ftek fpplA bZlu lu 1607 xwVh ekuflagl jksgrklx<+ uw jgplA bZ csM+k uw bZn eqxyj xgh jkt/kkuh jgpkA lu~ 1621 uw 'kkgtagk¡l b fdyk uw jkth uuk xs b[kyl [kkul xgh [k+sD[kk uw lksaiplA vkSjaxtscl xgh ij;k uw b[kyl [kkul fcgkj xgh xoZuj caplA us bfnu eqxyj xgh eqn tsy deplA bfn xgh [kks[k+k Xokfy;j vjk LFkkecksj tsy cjvk yfx;kA b tsy uw jktk jtdqr endk dSnh fju m¸;k yfx;jAlu 1973 uw m/koukyk xgh yM+kbZ uw ehj dkflel bZLV bafM;k daiuh rh gkjpl dsjlA vkl raxu vjk raXgS ,M+iae ckjhfju cNkcvk xs blufue cjpl dh 'kj.k gksplA 1974 pku rk cDlj ;q) uw vkl fQu gkjplA [k+us bZ fdyk vaxzstj xgh [k+sD[kk uw pkby dsjkA vaxzstj xgh dIVsu xkWMkMZl nqbZ c[kj xwVh blu jvj] lSfudj xgh HkaMkj ,M+iu /klpl fpplA

jksgrklx<+ <sj dksgk vM~Mk uw clpdh jgpkA blu <sj cXxs tutSrj clpdk jgpjA igsa eqn fdyk uw dq¡M+q[k+j fne jvk yfx;j vkj xgh fne jkth ikVh jgpkA eqaMkj xk ewan uwe blrs pkby dsjdj jgpjA

4-dq¡M+q[k+j xgh NksVkukxiqj dkuk vjk vlrk bfrgkl%

,dkls dk ewan uw fraxdk jgpk dk jksgrklx<+ rh mj[kj dqaMq[kj nqbZ Mgjsu /kjpjA vk eslse vksaVs [k+ksaM+gk NksVkukxiqj rjk cjpkA ,Uus rsaaxuj dk 'ksj'kkg lqfjl xgh vkØe.k rh gkjvj dh dqaM+q[k jktk] jkuh vjk ,M+iae ckjhj njk lSfudj vksaVs uw[k+jdk ÒksdM+ks¼lqjax½ rh mj[kj dh Hkksaxj dsjjA vkj xgh [k+ks[k+k vksekZ vke dqaM+q[k+kfju fdyk rh vksFkjj fppjA daqM+q[k jktl vjk jkuh njk lSfudj ÒksdM+ks rh mj[kj vksaVs djek eu rh <ijdk dqEck uw uw[k+jvj rEgS ft;u cNkckpjA dqEck rh mj[kj bZj NksVkukxiqj rk jk¡ph gsís lqfr;kack iík dsjjA dqaM+q[k jktl xgh lsukifr y[klsjl raXgS iaM: ÄksM+ks rh ,Rrj eqaMj xgh usrk ekudh eanjkl xqlu cNkcvk xs xksgjkjlA ekudh eanjkl lsukifrl xgh tusÅ ,rkpl dh xk; xgh vgM+ku eks[k+k xs fpPplA lqfr;kack rk dqqqaM+q[k iM+gk jkth usrk cq/kok mjk¡ol xgh dqUnjuk y[klsjl xgh raxlsM+ks rh eatkA cq/kokl lu~ 60 bZ- xwVh NksVkukxiqj jkthu no ,du laHkM+kplA Mksa;lk rk uojRux<+ vkfle derkpA

jksgrkl rh m[kZdk nqlj [kksaM+gk jktegy rk ijrk rjk dsjk] njk laFkky ijxuk vjk xaxk xgh njxk uw  clk uatkA fyfVikjk nqedka rk ekyrks vjk lkS;Z igkfM+;k vkyj] bfje fgdujA LkkS;Z igkfM+;k vkyj 90 izfr'kr xwVh dqaM+q[k+fne dPNu[kjujA

dqaM+[k+j xgh iqj[kj rsaxk yfx;j dk ß yksgjnxk {ks= xqlu jm dqaM+[k+j reu eqaMj xgh e>gh uw [k+f[k;j] us [k+ks[kk chjh >q.M ds >q.M m[kZj dh b ns'k rk nwlj vM~Mk jvk njk uy[k uuk pkbZy dsjjAÞ dqqaM+q[k+j [kwc iksjxj] Qjgj vjk uy[k uuq jgpj vaoxs vlu pkM+se jgpj clpj dsjjA igsa eq.Mj ey fpagj vkyj xus jvk xs reu iksYyj esytksy uukA [k+us vlrs xksVs [k+ksaM+gk pksvj uauk vM~Mk mTtk ,sdk njk uy[k uuk ijrk VksM+ax rjk pkbZy dsjjA eaqMj tehankjj rh fp<+kjvk yfx;j vaoxs vkj ,dkls mafx;j m[kZj dh vUus vM~Mk xqlu dsjj ,dlu vkj xgh lrko ey jgpk Hkys vkj lauh dqu vM~Mk uqgwa jvk dkyk yfx;jA dqqqaM+q[k+u ,dlvkuqe gwa jvk xs liM+kjvk vksaxk yfx;jA vkj xs cupdk caupdk iík [k+D[kjk njk dsjkA <sj cXxs iík uw vDdqu gwa cXxs eqaMk ukes fne ,FksjbZA dqaM+q[k+j eqaMkfju iík uw iPpk vky cvj dh vxj eqaMk vkyl [k+D[kjnl gksys vkflu uqe iíkark ikgu ;k uSxl deujA ikgul xgh uy[k euh dk iík uw ,dve nq%[ks cjvks gksys ,dkls ikj dkM+rvnl njk /kje uy[k ,dkls vxqoksvkslA  yksgnxk xqlu vksaVs iík xgh ukes lsjsaxgkrw jbZ] vfn xgh eus i[kyk xgh iík] bZn eaqMk ukes fne ryh igsa vDdqu b iík uw vksaVs gwa eqaMj eYyjA b ys[kk eqaMj NksVkukxiqj us igys cjpj vkn v[k+rkjbZA

4-1 jktk nqtZulkyl xgh jkth%

1816 bZ- uw ukxoa'kh jktk nqtZu lkyl NksVkukxiqj rk jktk caplA vkl jkex<+u raXgS jkt/kkuh deplA fnYyh rk jktk tgkaxhjl nqtZulkyl rh dqaM+q[kj vjk eqqaMj xgh dj@yxku usplA nqtZulkyl dj iksYyl fpvkA [k+us tgkaxhjl xoZuj bczkfge [kk¡l rh jkex<+ uw yM+kbZ uaurkpl fpplA nqtZu lky flu /kjvj dh Xokfy;j rk tsgssy uw lTtj fppjA 12 c[kj xwVh vkl vk tsgsy uwe jgplA jktk nqtZulkyl Xokfy;j rk ghjk xgh ikj[kh jgplA vaoxs vkl rh [kq'kekjvj dh vkflu tsgsy rh vkFkjj fppjA vklrs mj[kj dh bZl jkex<+ cjpl dh vk;Z laLd`fru /kjplA [k+us dqaM+q[kj csxj vxqok xgh va;k ca;k euk gsyjjA

4-2 txjukFk lk;l xgh jkth vjk vkfnoklh vkyj xgh eyno csM+k%

pku 1831 bZ- uw txjukFk lk;l NksVkukxiwj rk jkth uuq jktk eatlA bZ csM+k uw vaxzstj xgh jkth Òkjr uw jgpkA dj gksvuk vjk tehankjh izFkk vksjs eatkA txjukFkl vaxzstj xs dj ;k yxku fpvkxs iksYylA pku 1832 uw vaxzstj vjk vkfnokflu uw tSe ds yM+kbZ eatk dsjkA <sj cXxs dqqaM+q[k+j vjk eqaMj dsPpj dsjjA pku 1858 bZ-uw dksy fonzksg eatkA pku 1896 bZ- uw ljnkj yM+kbZ cqaMw rekM+ uw eatkA <sj cXxs rekM+ rk vkykj ruoSj djs [k+ksljj dsjjA daqM+q[kj vjk eqaMj e>gh gwa rEgS opZLo xgh yM+kbZ jkaph rk ekaMj gsís eqM+ek uw eatk dsjkA igsa blu dqaMq[kj ftrpj dsjjA bZ yM+kbZ xgh ;knxkjs uqe vDdqu xwVh vlu eqM+ek esyk yXxhA vksan mYyk blu trjk uyuk cspuk xgh fne esyk yXxk yfx;kA igs vDdq xk b esykn fcluk dstuk xgh esyk eatk dsjkA

4-3 ySaM Vsusalh ,DV%

pku 1908 bZ- uw ySaM Vsusalh ,DV ikl eatkA [k+us vkfnoklhj xgh [ky m[kM+h] ,M+ik iYyh xqV~Bhu laÒM+vk xs eksdk [k+D[kjkA [k+us dqaMq[k+j xgh tku uw tku cjpkA bZj xgh cPpjdk [k+y xqV~Bh gwa fdjZ;k dsjkA

4-4 fe'ujhj xgh cjuk njk vkfnoklhjhu Mgjs ,snuk%

2 uoEcj 1845 bZ- uw teZuh rk cfyZu 'kgj rh pk[krk¼pkj½ >u fe'ujhj jkaph uw igyh ckj [k+sM~M m¸;kjA vkfn xgh [k+ks[k+k <sj fxjtkark fe'ujhj gwa cjpjA vaxzstj xgh jkth ikVh chjh bZj xs ywjdqfM+;k dksYyk xs NwV [k+D[kjkA fe'ujhj vkfnoklh vkykfju if'peh i)fr uw ywjxj uauk gsyjjA blrs dque vkfnoklhj xgh iksjxkju fpauuk xgh vksjs eatkA fe'ujhj xgh mn~dkpdk rh vkfnoklhj xgh e>gh vksaVk xksVs jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd ,tsjuk [k+D[kjkA bfn [k+ks[k+k tksd v)Z jktuhfrd laxBu] ,dkls dk NksVkukxiqj mUufr lÒk]1915 vjk NksVkukxiqj vkfnoklh egklHkk]1938 xgh xBu eatkA [k+ks[k+k uw bcM+kn cnykjk dh 1949 bZ- uw >kj[kaM ikVªh capkA vk chjh canhjke mjk¡o flu vEcj vkseZj [kzhLrku vxqok¼usrkj½ jgpjA

5->kj[kaM vkanksyu

vksjs uw >kj[kaM vkanksyu xgh edln vkfnoklhu xgh no [krfj yM+uk jgpkA pku 1952 bZ- rk fo/kkulHkk pquko uw >kj[kaM ikVªh 33 Bks vkjf{kr dqlhZ uw dCtk uuj vksaVk bfrgkl depk dh ewn foi{kh ikVªh capkA pku 1955 bZ- uw fcgkj] if'peh caxky] mfM+lk vjk e/; izns'k uw jm vkfnoklh bykdku eslkcvj dh vksaVs uauk jkth deuk xgh ekax eatkA igssa bn iksYyk iqjk euk] ,sansjxs dk 1@3 fgLlk vkfnoklhj xgh ewanHkkjs bykdk dksgk euk yfx;kA vjk uauk uauk vM~Mk rk vkfnoklhj uauk uauk dRFkk dPNuk[kjvk yfx;jA uauk jkth deuk xgh fojks/khj gwa <sj cXxs jgpjA

lu~ 1963 bZ- uw >kj[kaM ikVªh vjk dkaxzsl xgh e>gh lVjuk[kjuk eatkA t;iky flagl igyh ckj eqaMj xgh etgharh usrk capla >kj[kaM vkanksyu fQu vksaxgksu tksj /kjpkA <sj cXxs lkekftd laxBu vjk [kksaM+gu ikVªh uw eslkcvk gsyjjA

5-1 tutkfr; vjk {ks=h; Òk[kk foÒkx%

pku 1981 bZ- uw jkaph fo'of|ky; uw vksaVk iquk foHkkx& ^tutkfr; vjk {ks=h; Hkk[kk foHkkx¥ dksyjkA ,dnk bZ vkanksyu xgh vksaVk ehy xgh i[kyk lkfcr eatkA bZ foHkkx uw lks;¼lkr½ {ks=h; Hkk[ku Lukrdksärj ikB~;Øe uw vksjs uatjA

• eqaMkjh] laFkkyh] dqaM+q[k] [kfM+;k] vjk gks ¼tutkfr; Hkk[kk½

• ukxiqfj;k] dqjekyh ¼lnkukj xgh Hkk[kk½

bZ foHkkx >kj[kaM pksUgku vkfnoklhj e>gh uw dqanjrkpk vjk vksaVk iquk Äksduk vkj uw eatkA ,dfÙk <sj cXxs cksyhu Hkk[kk uw cnyvuk eatk vjk iíark vkykfju vksaVk esaaj uw tksM+uk xgh uy[k uatkA bZ foHkkx >kj[kaM rk ywj vtZm jhu Mgjs ,snpk njk >kj[kaM vkanksyu xs <sj cXxs vxqok¼usrk½ depkA

>kj[kaM vkanksyu xgh loax rh <sj cXxs dqaM+q[k+j fo/kk;d vjk lkaln cuvk vksafx;jA bfÙk raxvk vM~Mk vjk tkfr vkykj xgh leL;ku jkth vjk ns'k uw pksnvk xs eksdk [k+D[kjkA jkaph fo'ofo|ky; uw dqaM+q[k Hkk[kk xgh dkslZ esluk rh dqaM+q[kj xs raxvk Hkk[kku uw iqfFk VwM+k xs mnxkjuk [k+D[kjkA bZn dqaM+q[kj xgh lkfgR; ijnk xs laxjk [k+D[kjkA

6-iquk >kj[kaM vjk NRrhlx<+ jkth vjk vkfnoklhj xgh vljk%

iquk >kj[kaM jkth] mrjkapy] vjk NRrhlx<+ laxse pku 2000 bZ- uw capkA >kj[kaM vjk NRrhlx<+ uw vkfnoklhj xgh la[;k cXxs jvuk xqus >kj[kaM uw Jh ckcqyky ejkaMh vjk NRrhlx<+ uw Jh vthr tksxhl jkftark igyk eq[;ea=h capjA nksuksa >uj vkfnoklh fne jgpjA ,dkls dk uke bZjdr >kj[kaM vkanksyu xgh edln vkfnoklhj uw >kj[kaM pksUgk txk cvuk vjk bj xgh fgr uw uy[k uauk jgpkA ,dkchjh >kj[kaM vjk NRrhlx<+ 20oha 'krkfCn xgh eqtk uw cupk] vkykj rEgS uksdjh xs fpYykjvk gsYyjjA dqaM+q[k+j xk >kj[kaM vjk NRrhlx<+ nksuksa xqlu jvujA vksjs uw >kj[kaM vkanksyu uw lnku vkykfju ey eslkcvk yfx;j] igsa bdyk tutkfr; ft;k rh ns'k uw pyjm fcM+nks dRFkk rh ikj dV~Vuk vksRFkk yXxk gsyjkA [k+us lnku vkykfju gwa vkanksyu uw eslvk gsyjjA igsa vauq gksa vkj xgh ft;k lnkuj rh mehZ mYyk fcM+nkse jgpkA bZ ys[kk >kj[kaMhj rEgS edln~ [k+D[kuk csls jktfufrd vxqokbZ eyke [k+D[kk vksafx;jA

21oha 'knh xgh vksjs uw ckcqyky ejkaMhl us ts vk csM+k uw >kj[kaM xgh eq[;ea=h jgplA vkfnoklhj xgh fgr uw Mksfefly uhfr xgh vksjs uatlA vfn xgh uhfr ys[kk ljdkjh Q;nk vjk uksdjh vkj xse [k+D[kjvks us[kS iqj[kj xgh ukes 1932 bZ- rk ljdkjh iqfFk uw jvksA bZ uhfr xgh foM+nks uw lnku vkyj vjk uauk jkftark cjpdk vkyj eatj dsjjA ebZ 1993 uw jkaph fo'ofo|ky; rk tutkfr; vjk {ks=h; Hkk[k foHkkx xgh ehfVax uw bZn ngngkj ,sFkjk dk& vkj lnkukjhu bdyk gwa ey batjksvksj] us ts dh vkfnoklhjhu eqxy vjk vaxzstj xgh jkth ikVªh chjh vtxqr lrkckpdk jgpjA

dqaM+q[k+j xk >kj[kaM vjk NRrhlx<+ nksuksa xqlu jvujA >kj[kaM vkanksyu xgh vksjs uw bfje vxqokbZ gwa uatjA bZj vkanksyu uw mehZ chjh ckbM+ pkbZM+ dse fgLlk gkspjA vDdqu gwa daqM+q[kj xgh csxj ,dve vkfnoklh vkanksyu xgh ir uw Äksduk fne csdkj jbZA ekfue daqM+q[k+j gwa uauk tutkfr;j laxs eslsjvj dh ijnksj fcYpksjA

7- dqaM+q[kj xgh vDdqu rk nlk%

bZ csM+k uw fQu vksaxgksu dqaM+q[k+j esPNk ijnk yxujA bZjxs Ldwy] dkWyst vjk vLikrky dqyqjdh csbZA Vuk Hkxr Ldwy] dkfrZd mjkao dkWyst csM+ks] ijeohj pØ vycVZ dkWyst pSuiqj¼xqeyk½ xqV~Bhn ljdkjh laxjk rh capdh jbZA daqM+q[k+ vapy uw fe'u vjk futh laLFkk xqV~Bh rh gwa vLikrky] Ldwy] dkWyst dqyqjdh jbZA bZj xgh vkyj fo/kk;d vjk lkaln capj dh jkth uuk yxujA bZj flikgh] lSfud] jsyos] Mkd] chek daiuh uw] baftfu;j vjk MkWDVj njk iz'kklfud lsok uw raxvk bZekunkjh vjk esgur rh ns'k xgh lsok uuk yxujA Hkkjrh; eqDdk vjk esr gkWdh Vhe uw [ksYkkM+h jvuj vjk dIrkuh gaw uatj dh ns'k xgh ukesu ijnkpdh csvujA vesfjdk vjk fczVsu ys[ks <sj cXxs ijndk lks;¼lkr½ leqnz ikj ns'k dkyj vlu MkWDVj] baftfu;j vjk vUuse esPNk uksdjh uuk yxujA bZ ys[kvk vDdqurk csM+ku dqaM+q[k+j xgh nwljk lksuk csM+k cvksr gksys gk;dV eaUkk xgh t:jr eYykA

lj;Å vjk VwM+ql%  ,u  ,Ddkl

,dkls yfXx;k] VwM+qflu rsaxk% fDyd uuk